Absolute and Comparative Advantage Essay Example for Free

Absolute and Comparative Advantage EssayAn individual, a firm, a field, or a county may develop an area of specialization naturally, further frequently choices must be made to determine what to produce for exchange or trade. Producers should concentrate on the activity in which the)- have an unquestioning utility. An absolute advantage is the ability to product a good or service using fewer resources than other producers use. In the United States, this situation occurs when one region of a country is to a greater extent suited than another for producing certain products. Florida underside grow oranges using fewer resources than Iowa, where heated greenhouses would be necessary. Iowa has vast, politic acreage and can produce corn much more efficiently than could Florida. Thus, Florida specializes in oranges while Iowa concentrates on com. and the products are exchanged through the marketplace. When each of devil parties has an absolute advantage over the other in producing a particular good or service, it is easy for both to decide their areas of specialization. But what happens when one party can produce both goods and services more efficiently than a second party?Should the party with the absolute advantage produce both products for itself? Although this party has the advantage in producing cither good, it should specialize in producing the good in which it has a comparative advantage. Comparative advantage is the ability to produce a good or service at a set down opportunity cost than other producers facc. 1his means lerting the other party produce the good in which it has the lower opportunity cost. Total output will be greater, and exchange will allow both parties to have both goods. Suppose a woman can make $100 per hour as a marketing consultant.Part of her work includes preparing reports for her clients. Suppose that in addition to being a first-class consultant, she is more efficient at word processing than anyone she might hire to key the reports. Thus, she might be able to key in one hour what it takes an accomplice two hours to do. As a result, she reasons that, instead of hiring an helper to do the work, she should do it herself. Is she right to do her own keying as well as consulting? If she docs her own keying, she tranquillize must take an hour each day from her consulting to do so.The opportunity cost of keying is the S100 she could have earned consulting. The opportunity cost of consulting is the S20 she must pay an assistant to key the reports. Therefore, if she hires an assistant, she can devote her hill time or consulting. I led gross earnings will be $ 100 greater per day. after paying the assistant $20 for two hours work, she will still have additional net income of $80 per day. Thus, the marketing consultant is bcucr-off specializing full time in the service for which she has the greater comparative advantage.

Pan Europa Essay Example for Free

Pan Europa Essay do 1 In order to avoid takeover Pan-Europa should develop and halt faith and loyalty of their customers towards products. Company should also satisfy its stakeholders by expansion and improvement in their market and product. At given time EPS and Shareholders Equity plays a vital role. Company should increase its market share by same low price and high volume and expand its production for more efficiency. Maarten Leyden from performance should be leading the way for Pan-Europa. Answer 3 Part 1 of the question relates to Question 2Various study techniques can be employ for correction of different factors that affect project. The investments time value of m wizardy and unequal lifetime can be corrected by victimisation net present value method (NPV). Risk can be reduced by Optimization that is finding good balance between advantages and ostracise risk. Answer 4Must Do project according to me are Project 3 Expansion of a plant Project 6 sewer water water tre atment at four plants. Company southeastern region plant in Germany had reached full its full capacity. With the expansion capacity was expected to answer in additional production of up to 1.5 million per year, yielding an IRR of 11.2%. Water treatment is regulatory requirement and its just matter of time in the beginning it has to be done. It might cost company2.5 times more in coming 4 years than today. Higher risk projects include Development and design of new artificially sweetened yogurt and ice cream and Development and roll-out of snack foods. Customers has tendency like monkey and can easily jump from one branch to another and customer just easily switch to another product. Lower risk project is Replacement and expansion of the truck fleet. Combined movement between new plant and expansion of plant alongside with market expansion would be beneficial to the company. Effluent water treatment has nonquantitative turn a profit because it is environmental compliance. Answer 5 The most desirable projects according to me are new plant and expansion of plant (project 2 3). Is the project a must(prenominal) do for reasons outside the companys control? No Does the project meet the company form _or_ system of government for minimum IRR? Yes Does the project meet the company policy minimum payback period? No Does the project incur excessive risk? NoDoes the project meet the current corporate strategy? Yes Answer 7 Management committees recommendation to the Board of Directors should be a new and expansion of plant, effluent water treatment and market expansions as per table

Reimbursement and Pay-for-Performance Essay Example for Free

Reimbursement and collapse-for-Performance EssayIntroductionAs we come into the 21st Century, we find health care is at a crisis level. Every agency is working on healthcare reform from policymakers to the public and insular sector, as well as federally funded Medicare and Medicaid. The business of Medicine is greatly influenced by the government (federal, state and local levels) and private health sections that initiate policies. Pay for Performance is a reimbursement method where doctors and hospitals can stick a high reimbursement for duplicate run based on the fact that they deliver better feeling care with better results and outcomes. This passment reform offers initiates intended to improve efficiency, harbor, and fictitious character of health care (Hood, 2007). If all doctors receive the same dollar amount as a doctor with poor outcomes, then the doctor with great outcomes should receive a little more and on that point will be patients that do not mind paying a higher deductible for better health check exam services (Mayes, 2006).Definition for Pay for death penaltyKimmel (2005), Pay for transaction is a stipend approach used in healthcare that is based on clinical information-driven reform. The fundamental concept is to tie payment to how well providers adhere to practice standards. The practice standards are evidence-based and tied to clinical outcomes. The primary areas of focus are arrest care delivery and disease management for chronic illnesses. effects on ReimbursementPay for feat (P4P) is literally a group of performance indicators that are twin with an incentive. The performance indicators supports the performance aspect of P4P while the incentive indicator is the pay component. Measuring patient outcomes and understanding the variances thatthey squeeze a shit, has in part lead to the increasing author in how pay for performance reimbursement is looked at. This style of reimbursement pull up stakess health plans an d employers to pay increasing reimbursements to medical providers that pay back the better outcomes, give average outcome medical providers a chance to improve, and pay those medical providers with the lowest outcomes the least amount of money or not pay them at all (Cromwell, Trisolini, Pope, Mitchell, Greenwald. 2011). In order to have a pay for performance system in place, you must decide what domains or areas you wish to track, measure, and reward.Some areas in this domain are clinical process, quality and patient safety, access to and availability of care, cost efficiency or cost of care, cost-effectiveness, administrative efficiency and compliance, adoption of information technology, and reporting of performance indicators. These can be set up as a single performance tracker or a multi-domain performance tracker and the measure needed for improvement, importance, and cost. Performance indicators should be valid, reliable, and informative (Cromwell, Trisolini, Pope, Mitchell, Greenwald. 2011). The incentive Schemes reward the performance measures, and is another important part of a pay for performance system. Funding proves to be another important part of this type of a reimbursement system. Types of funding include redistributing existing payments where additional funds will not have to be do and the quality of service is already high however, medical providers with a lower quality of service will receive lower reimbursements. Generated Savings and New Money are other sources of funding for performance measures. Generated savings claim that an additiond quality of service will generate savings, although there are others who feel that new money should be used to fund the performance system. (Cromwell, Trisolini, Pope, Mitchell, Greenwald. 2011).Impact of System Cost Reductions on the Quality and Efficiency of Health Care The Medicare Physicians Group Practice (PGP) was the first physician pay for performance toughie used by the federal government. The PGP believes that higher quality and better cost efficiency could be achieved by managing and coordinating patient care and by lovely in wider choices of care management that are able to improve cost efficiency and quality of health care. Interventions include chronic disease management, high stake and higher cost care management, transitional care management, end-of-life and palliative care programs. If there were a moresuccessful payment and delivery method to increase the value of health care and improve quality of care, the cost would grow at a slower pace. The American people would be more probable to purchase health insurance coverage that is affordable and more valuable. (Kautter, Pope, Trisolini, 2007).More progress toward effective delivery and system reform is one of the key elements to achieving the goals to excite expanded coverage. Information technology is one of these key elements and a major part of pay for performance system. Information systems uses elect ronic medical records and patient registries have been created to improve the efficiency and quality of health care delivery. These type of initiatives that are being tested to see if cost savings are generated by trim back avoidable hospital stays, cutting down on readmissions and emergency room visits, while simultaneously improving quality of care (Kautter, Pope, Trisolini, 2007). Effect of Pay for performance on Health Care Providers and Their Customers Meredith B. Rosenthal states, Pay for performance will not replace the existing payment structure in either system, but it does allow payors to take into account a set of quality indicators, in addition to volume of service (as fee-for-service does now) or the number of covered lives (in the case of capitation). In this view, pay for performance can be viewed as a mechanism to correct some of the distortionary incentives that already exist in the reimbursement system.Physicians in the United States are paying(a) on a fee-for-s ervice basis. This encourages high volumes of services, where there is no regard to the value of services in regards to a patient. When services are reimbursed more generously than others it allows the payment system to influence additional medical services with a heavy emphasis on procedure-based care. Since the physicians pay is not attached to medical services provided, there is really no direct incentive to provide any services (How Will Paying for Performance Affect Patient Care?. (2006, March). Virtual Mentor, 8(3), 162-165).Effects of Pay for performance on the Future of Health CareGoldberg lists three points regarding the most significant implications of the movement toward paying for quality outcomes. These are that the quality and value cash in ones chips real parts of contractual reimbursement, the differences based on quality outcomes will be more evident grouped with provider tiers,and quality metrics evolve to outcome-based and chronic disease management (Goldberg 20 06). P4P is an incentive-based reimbursement system that rewards the best players. This pay for performance system is currently active in health systems, managed care settings, and private and group physicians practices. P4P is likely to impact the entire health care environment and will provide yet another opportunity for chemists shop to become an active role player and leader with improving quality and efficient health care. The focus is not on value but on quality and cost. Pay for performance is not a new program, but in the age of informed choice, evidence based medicine, and patient safety, it can become the solution to our current health care dilemma (Pay for performance (P4P) Evaluating Current and Future Implications).ConclusionThese pay for performance systems and programs will lead expansion crosswise the United States health care industry in the near future. With the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, there has been a great amount of provision made to encourage continued improvement with quality of care. Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) are groups of providers that agree to coordinate care and to be held accountable for the quality and cost of the services they provide (James, 2012). There needs to be a consensus as to how much of an incentive will have to be given in order to strike the needed change and how should these incentives be paid out monthly, quarterly, or yearly and how can these improvements be sustained over time. Continued experimentation with the pay for performance model should begin to incorporate monitoring and evaluation in identifying design elements that will also affect outcomes in a positive way.Variations in health care markets should be evaluated and include comparison groups to isolate pay for performance from other types of factors. Pay for performance has some great attributes to it and could definitely be the beginning to improvements in quality of service. If physicians are receiving patients and refer rals based on their ability to provide quality of service with reduced readmissions and more satisfied consumers, then the care they take in providing services to patients from admission to discharge will create positive change.ReferencesCromwell, J., Trisolini, M. G., Pope, G. C., Mitchell, J. B., and Greenwald, L. M., Eds. (2011). Pay for Performance in Health Care Methods and Approaches. RTI Press publication none BK-0002-1103. Research Triangle Park, NC RTI Press. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http//www.rti.org/rtipressGoldberg, L. (2006). Paying for performance a call for quality health care. Deloitte Center for Health Solutions. Retrieved from http//www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-UnitedStates/Local%20Assets/Documents/us_chs_p4p_032806%281%29.pdf Hood, R. (2007). Pay-for-Performance-Financial Health Disparities and the Impact on Healthcare Disparities. Journal of the National Medical Association, 99, 1-6. James, J. (2012). Pay-for-Performance. New payment systems reward doctors and hospitals for improving the quality of care, but studies to date show mixed results.. Health Policy Brief, 1-6, Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http//www.healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/brief.php?brief_id=78. Kautter, J., Pope, G., Trisolini, M. (2007, Fall). Medicare physician group practice demonstration design quality and efficiency pay for performance. Health Care Financing Review, 29(1), 15-29. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http//www.cms.gov/Medicare/Demonstration-Projects/DemoProjectsEvalRpts/downloads/PGP_Demo_Design.pdf Kimmel, K. (2005). Pay for Performance An Economic Imperative for clinical Information Systems. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http//www.himss.org/content/files/PayForPerformance.pdf Mayes, R. (2006). The Origins of and Economic Momentum Behind Pay for Performance Reimbursement. Health Law Review, 15, 17-22. Pay for performance (P4P) Evaluating Current and Future Implications. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from https//www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/Policy/QII/Pay for performance.aspx Rosenthal, M. (2006). How Will Paying for Performance Affect Patient Care?. Virtual Mentor, 8, 162-165.

Advantages Of Human Resource Planning Business Essay

Advantages Of adult male Resource Planning Business EssayHuman choice grooming is re ally important that without this all planning willing finally end up as a mere guess work. Even if the predictions or forecast is not always successful, it is still needed because the forecasts can be quite useful which will give a basis. Upon this basis it is able to annul ad hoc problems to an extent. Therefore homophile vision planning should be articulated a large with the presidencyal planning.A dearth of break inicular category of employee or particular tolerant skills will affect the organisation in achieving its goals.Rapid changes in technology, marketing, management and so on, will result in need of particular category an skilled persons.Changes indoors an plaque in its design and structure will affect manpower pauperization.Demographic changes like the altering profile of the manpower in terms of age, sex, tuition etc.The Government policies in regard to reservation, child labour, working conditions etc.Different labour laws affecting the demand and supply of labour.Pressure from trade unions, politicians etc.Advantages of Human Resource PlanningHuman Resources Planning (HRP) expects not just the needed quality and quantity of employees instead decide the accomplish plan for all the occasions of human resource management .The major advantages of Human resource planning areIt assures the corporate plan of the firm.The HRP elucidates doubts and alters to the upper limit potential and enables the organization to have right kind of people at right time in right place.It allows background for progress and growth of employees through training, development etc.It aids in anticipating the cost of salary increasing, improved benefits etc.It also helps to predict the cost of pay offs, incentives and all other cost of human resources which facilitates the formula of budgets in an organization.To forecast the changes in abilities, aptitude and attitude of perso nnel.It results in the advancement of different origins of human resources to encounter the organizational goals and objectives.It also aids in taking measures to amend human resource shares in the form of enhanced output ,business turnover etcIt facilities the control of all the functions, operations, contribution and cost of human resourcesPlanning as an organisational business dodgingPlanning process in a strategic way is often accomplished by networking with in and outside the organisation. The focus is wherefore on strengthening the networking with the internal human resource professionals and external human resource persons which will be rooted in sharing information, technology, tools necessary for planning and development of personnel. The outcome depends on effective implementation of the developed tools and resources needed. Out of these a sustainable and feasible strategy has to be formulated. The most important affaire to be noted here is that the strategy formulated should be articulated with the overall business strategy of the organisation. For this they will consult different human resource managers and all the line managers in the organisation. In order to ensure highest possible utilization of the tools they will work in close conjunction with the managers. This will be aimed in creating a sound personnel data base and tools for the line managers.Long term planning for success in short termthough long term planning is advised the daily operational pressures would cause the long term planning to give way to short term planning. This world power cause the plans ultimately to be less successful. It can be very expensive too. Quite lot of lead time is needed for recruiting, developing gifted personnel. This will contend long term economic plans. For a successful planning, all the factors need to be interconnected. The impact of short term planning will be to rely on current work force for all the organisational activities. But so as to achi eve long term goals of an organisation it must(prenominal) have some changes made in the current human resources. It should be able to foresee the future needs of the organisation even in switch external scenario.Now the focus has been shifted from long range planning to strategic planning. What long range means is to predict for a particular time in future the amount of demand of an organisations services and to analyse in what area that demand will occur in future. This is often used to determine the demand in certain situations like expansion, adding of more services to the existing situation, capital needs etc. But later when the industries became volatile and the external scenario became dynamic the long range planning was replaced by strategic planning. The idea behind long range planning is that the firm will continue its rendering of services so as to match with its demand. But the idea underlying behind the strategic planning is that there are lot of economic, social, pol itical, technological and competitive changes happening. By spirit all these changes to analyse whether the organisation will be able to provide services that would meet these challenges or whether it should move to further new services and products. though it will take considerable time to develop a strategy, time span is not the important focus here. It might even take generations to evolve and implement a strategy. Therefore it is better to use long term and short term to describe the time that it will take for a strategy to implement.CHAPTER 2Literature ReviewHuman beings are the most important assets in hospitals. Machines and other equipments which are integral parts of delivering health manage require the human touch, expertise, and commitment for their full utilization and application in delivery of health care. Therefore planning of human resources is the key to any health care provision. The objective of human resource (HR) policy isto attract, recruit, retain and devel op competent personnel andCreate a continuously learning health care organisation. (B.Ray)Human resource planning is the projection of the number of people involve and the type of people in terms of skill mix required for the organisation so as to achieve the desired goals and objectives of the organisation. This means that human resource planning is an important add on to the strategic plans. But evidence shows that the connecting bridge betwixt human resource planning and strategic management is not stressed in practice (Baird et al.1983, De sancto-1983 Ohan Rynes-1983). Reason to this non utilisation is found in focus of human resource planning literature. Almost all the research focuses on human resource supply and demand forecasting (Zedeck Casci-1984). Extra care may be taken in developing a statistical model of manpower planning, but little care is given to gaining managerial acceptance of such plans. thus there exist a huge gap between available techniques and their use because important organisational realities are not projected in to the models (Zedeck Cascio,1984)Rapid environmental change, globalization, innovations to provide competitive products and services, changing customer and investor demands have become the standard backdrop for organizations. To compete effectively, firms must constantly improve their performance by reduce costs, enhancing quality, and differentiating their products and services. To improve firm performance and create firm competitive advantage, HR should focus on better and new set of priorities. These newly set priorities should be more organisational, business and strategic oriented and less focussed towards old traditional HR functions like staffing, training, appraisal and compensation. Business strategic priorities include team-based caper designs, flexible workforces, quality improvement practices, employee empowerment and incentive compensation (Jing and Huang 2005).SHRM was designed to diagnose firm strate gic needs and planned talent development which is required to implement a competitive strategy and achieve operational goals (Huselid et al., 1997).Apart from report proof on the strategic importance of human resource planning, studies of organisation practices give an indication of its arousing grandness for strategic applications. A study interviewed human resource executives from 137 companies to describe the reasons why their companies were following human resource forecasting, which an important part of human resource is planning. The most important three reasons were for bringing up their human resources (77.6 percent), for avoiding personnel shortages (73.1 percent), and to collect information for decisions (73.1 percent). Another set of reasons for human resource forecasting included the following optimistic action efforts (63.6 percent), budgeting (62.1 percent), and career planning (59.7 percent)

The success of transformational leadership

The success of transformational leadingDrawing on a precise examination of both theory and empirical research, how can the role of lead be best tacit in system of rulesal replace?Key to maturation of an Organization is how well it can adapt to qualifys be it structural or financial. A good leadership plays a pivotal role in much(prenominal) transitions and will often be the most influential aspect in much(prenominal) changes being actioned successfully.Considering the fact that both Organizational Change and lead are very widely defined, for the purpose of the es formulate I would like to use the following definitions, Leader is a person with vision, energy, authority, and strategic direction reader (Robert Coffee and Gareth Jones, 2000), Organizational Change is the process of continually renewing an administrations direction, structure, and capabilities to serve the ever-changing needs of external and internal customers- ref (Moran and Brightman, 2001).Change is one o f challenges an organization can face. It, being a continuous process, dealing successful with it is critical to an organizations success- ref(Kudray and Kleiner, 1997), and certain management levers, such as, strategy, operations, should be constantly altered for the organization to be aligned with the market place. Having said that, it is also very important to critically identify the needed change within the organization. If a certain change is identified as a pivotal one for the growth of the organization, it is also important to consider how the change will be received by the mickle who will be a part of it.Resistance in our context is opposing to the change. Resistance is very likely with-in the team when the importance of the change is non know. There are various known reasons for someone to resist the change. Some of which are job insecurity and the fear of losing the causation. There are existing theories which say that apology is good and it is related to the individua l identity and organizational values. Despite of being a judgment of conviction consuming process, it is very important to overcome resistance to implement the change successfully.Lewins 3 step model for change, Unfreeze, Change and Refreeze ref ( Lewin, 1951) is considered to be there mother of all change models. The point here was to ache organizations prepare initially to ease the process of the change in order to overcome resistance. It has been argued upon, that this theory might not be holding good for the present-day(prenominal) day situation, as organizations are constantly changing and they will never be having the opportunity to refreeze or attain the new state of equilibrium. Kotters 8 dance step Model, ref ( Kotter, J , 1995) also talks about implementing a change within the organization but considering the present day needs and situation. This model tries to shroud the developed resistance in the implementation on the change. An effective leadership will always try and overcome resistance and help successfully implement the change, which need not be a top down approach. For a change to be accepted, Nahvandi (2003), believes that you need to first motivate those in your guiding collation or transformational leadership team. This, per him, is the best achieved with inspiration of the team, which enables them to enact change. Transformational leadership includes inspiring them with a charm and charisma, challenging the team to solve the problems rather than we doing it ourselves and ontogeny personal relationship with each one of them. A combination of these 3 attributes is the best known vehicle to overcome resistance. ref( Nahvandi, 2003).Transformational leadership is that which facilitates a redefinition of a tidy sums deputation and vision, a renewal of their commitment and the restructuring of their systems for goal accomplishment. It is a relationship of mutual stimulation and elevation that converts followers into leaders and may convert leaders into honorable agents. Hence, transformational leadership must be grounded in moral foundations. ref(Leithwood, as cited in Cashin et al., 2000, p.1) . According to Bass (1990b, p. 21) transformational leadership occurs when leaders broaden and elevate the interests of their employees, when they generate cognisance and acceptance of the purposes and mission of the group, and when they stir employees to look beyond their own self-interest for the good of the group.Success of transformational leadership has been demonstrated by studies in diverse settings such as schools, corporations etc. -ref(Bryant, 2003, p. 36).Also there are existing studies to prove the effectiveness of transformational leadership regardless of culture ref(Perttula Xin,2005) . Per Carlson and Perrewe (1995, p. 834), as a result of transformational leadership, changes in the organizations mission, strategy, and subordinate commitment levels are very likely to emerge. Also, Odom and Green (200 3) argue that principles of transformational leadership (i.e., intellectual stimulation, idealized influence) applied to ethical dilemmas faced by managers offers the arithmetic mean of less litigation and better ethical outcomes than the more common transactional approach to ethics.Though Transformational Leadership is the latest buzz word, there have been many people in the past who have demonstrated the traits of this form of leadership. For instance, Genghis Khan was a transformational leader who, during the late 12th and early 13th centuries, united fiercely single-handed Mongol tribes to ultimately create one of the largest land empires ever seen ref(Yates, 2002). Lee Iacocca is a transformational leader who is credited with saving the Chrysler Corporation. He took over Chrysler when it was on the limen of bankruptcy and set about transforming the ideals of his closest subordinates. In turn, that began to reshape the corporations culture. Because a transformational leader encourages others to becomes transformational leaders, soon the entire organization was filled with effective leaders (Kelly, 2003). inwardly military and government contexts, General Colin Powell overcame entrenched racism (particularly in the US military) and low institutional expectations of African Americans to become chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of rung in 1989. He went further, becoming in 1991 the first African American to become US Secretary of State, a position some said he filled with vision and the qualities of a transformational leader (Chekwa, 2001). Other transformational leaders include Christine Nixon, the current Police Chief Commissioner in the Australian state of Victoria, who is popularly understood to have transformed the culture of that police force for the good, and Sir Richard Branson, responsible for international Virgin enterprises (Lussier Achua, 2004). These are positive examples of transformational leaders but as critics (e.g., Yukl, 1989) point ou t, transformational leadership is not without its dark side and other flaws.The morality of transformational leadership has been questioned, especially by libertarians and organizational development consultants (Griffin, 2003). A key criticism is that within it transformational leadership has potential for the abuse of power (Hall, Johnson, Wysocki Kepner, 2002). Leaders here, motivate followers by engaging them to strong beliefs, irrespective of the cause on them .Transformational leaders can utilize a very powerful influence over followers, who offer them trust and respect. Some leaders may have narcissistic tendencies, thriving on power and manipulation. Moreover, some followers may have dependent characters and form strong and unfortunate bonds with their leaders ref- (Stone, Russell and Patterson, 2003, p. 4). Yukl describes this as the dark side of charisma and goes on to spot that for every example of a positive transformational leader demonstrating charismatic qualities (e.g., Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi), there is an equally negative example (e.g., Charles Manson).-ref (Yukl, 1989)There is an argument that transformational leadership is facilitative of change because it contributes to organizational improvement, effectiveness and institutional culture (Barnett, McCormick Conners, 2001). An interesting study by Barnett, McCormick and Conners (2001), shows that teachers may in fact be distracted from concentrating on learning-and-teaching by, for example, taking time away from students to be involved in the corporate school initiatives an inspirational, transformational principal expects of them. Ref (Barnett, McCormick and Conners (2001), a study conducted on 12 schools in New conspiracy Wales and Australia)Related BibliographyRobert Coffee and Gareth Jones, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, September-October 2000Moran, J. W. and Brightman, B. K. (2001) Leading organizational change, Career Development International, 6(2), pp. 111-118.Gary Yukl Journal of Man agement 1989. Vol. 15, No. 2, 251-289Bennis, W, (1994), On Becoming a Leader. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, ISBN0-201-40929-1.Lucey, J.J, Why is the also-ran rate for organization change so high?, Management Services Winter 2008Evans, M.G. (1970). The effects of supervisory behavior on the path-goal relationship. Organizational, Behavior and Human Performance. 5, 277-298House, R.J. (1971). A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 321-339.House, R.J., Mitchell, T.R. (1974). Path-goal theory of leadership. Contemporary Business, 3, 81-98.Dansereau, E, Jr., Graen, G., Haga, W.J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 13. 46-78.Kudray, L and Kleiner, B, Global trends in managing change, Industrial Management May/Jun 1997 39, 3 ABI/ propound Global pg. 18Lewin, K, Field Theory in Social Science, Harp er and Row, 1951.Nahavandi, A. (2006). The art and science of leadership. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.Hay, Iain, Transformational Leadership Characteristics and CriticismsLeithwood, K. Jantzi, D. (2000). The effects of transformational leadership on organizational conditions and student engagement with school. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(2), p. 112.Bass, B.M. (1990b). From transactional to transformational leadership learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 13, pp. 26-40.Bryant, S.E. (2003). The role of transformational and transactional leadership in creating, sharing and exploiting organizational knowledge. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 9(4), pp. 32-44.Spreitzer, G.M., Perttula, K.H. Xin, K. (2005). Traditionality matters an examination of the effectiveness of transformational leadership in the United States and Taiwan. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 205-227.Carlson, D.S. Perrewe, P.L. (1995). Institutionalizati on of organizational ethics through transformational leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 14(10), pp. 829-839.Odom, L. Green, M.T. (2003). Law and the ethics of transformational leadership. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 24(1/2), pp. 62-69.Yates, M. (2002) Genghis Khan. LeaderValues. Retrieved August 3, 2006 fromKelly, M.L. (2003, January 1). Academic advisers as transformational leaders. The Mentor. Retrieved August 3, 2006,Chekwa, E. (2001, July 12-14). Searching for African American transformational leaders. honorary society of Business and Administrative Sciences 4th International Conference, Quebec City, Canada. Manuscript available from the author.Lussier, R.N. Achua, C.F. (2004). Leadership theory, application, skill development (2nd ed.). Eagan, MN Thomson-West.Yukl, G.A. (1989). Leadership in Organizations (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall.Stone, A.G., Russell, R.F., Patterson, K. (2003). Transformational versus servant leadership a dif ference in leader focus. Servant Leadership Roundtable October 2003. Retrieved August 3, 2006Hall, J., Johnson, S., Wysocki, A. Kepner, K. (2002). Transformational leadership the transformation of managers and associates. Retrieved August 3, 2006

Terrorism: Definition, History and Solutions

terrorist act definition, History and SolutionsTERRORISMAN EXPLORATION OF ITS DEFINITION, HISTORY, AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS terrorist act upsets people. It does so deliberately. That is its point,and that is why it has engrossed so much of our attentionin the early years of the 21st century.Townshend 1Ask any ten individuals on the streets of London, Paris, Moscow, or New York for the top three issues facing the dry land forthwith and oneness common response is likely to be act of terrorist act. Inquire further about how the same people would define act of terrorist act, when terrorism began, and how terrorism can be stop and you will probably be faced with a myriad of answers, or maybe just looks of puzzlement. The range of responses (or lack thereof) from the usual should not be surprising. non even experts agree on responses to these seemingly fundamental questions on an issue of such importance to worldwide security, an issue that Thackrah suggests is one of the most int ractable orbicular problems at the start of the twenty-first century.2This essay begins by surveying the vast array of definitions for the destination terrorism, providing some insight into the reasons that terrorism is so problematical for experts to define, and adopting a working definition for the term. The historical roots of terrorism will then be explored and results of a review of selected literature on possible solutions for traffic with terrorism will be introduced. Finally, a conclusion discussing the results of the literature review will be presented. act of terrorism DefinedWhat is terrorism? The definition assigned to the term very much depends on who you ask, although, as Hoffman writes, few words have so insidiously worked their way in to our everyday vocabulary.3 Oots writes that terrorism has been specify in different ways by various scholars.4 Hoffman suggests that most individuals have vague notions of what the term means, but cannot offer precise, explanat ory definitions. The Terrorism search center on claims that terrorism by nature is difficult to define.5 Townshend writes that both politicians and scholars have been hung up in attempting to define terrorism in a way that distinguishes it from other wrong force-out and even military action.6 Complicating attempts to define terrorism, the meaning and usage of the term have changed over the years.7 Complications aside, most people would agree that terrorism is a inborn term with negative connotations, a pejorative term, drug abused to describe the acts of enemies or opponents. The term has moral connotations and can be used to persuade others to adopt a particular viewpoint. For instance, if an individual sympathises with the victims of terrorism, then the perpetrator is considered to be a terrorist, but if an individual sympathises with the perpetrator, then the perpetrator is considered to be a freedom fighter or is referred to by equally positive characterisations.8 About th is, the Terrorism explore Center writes One mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter.9 Whittaker distinguishes amongst terrorists, guerrillas, and freedom fighters in writing the terrorist targets civilians the guerrilla goes for military personnel and facilities and the freedom fighter conducts a campaign to liberate his people from dictatorial oppression, gross disarmament, or the grip of an occupying power.10One author included over one hundred definitions for the term terrorism.11 Another quoted over ninety definitions and descriptions.12 The definitions range from those that be kinda simplistic to those that ar equally comprehensive. The following definitions are illustrative of the broad range of thoughtTerrorism is violence for purposes of creating fear.13Terrorism is politically and socially motivated violence.14Terrorism is political violence in or against true democracies.15Terrorism may be described as a outline of violence designed to inspire terror within a particular segment of a given society.16Terrorism is the most amoral of organised violence.17Terrorism is a form of warfareused when full-scale military action is not possible.18Terrorism is a method of action by which an promoter tends to produce terror in order to impose his domination.19Terrorism is the systematic use of coercive intimidation, usually to service political ends. It is used to create a climate of fear.20Terrorism is the threat or use of violence, often against the civilian population, to achieve political or social ends, to intimidate opponents, or to publicise grievances.21Terrorism is the use of coercive means aimed at populations in an effort to achieve political, religious, or other aims.22Terrorism is politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.23Whittaker explores the complexity of defining terrorism by furnishing a comprehensive list of terro rism criteria24The violence or threat of violence inherent in terrorism is premeditated and politically motivated for the purpose of intimidating or coercing a government or the public in general.The strategy of terrorism is to instil fear and insecurity.Sustained campaigns or sporadic incidents are applied by terrorists in conducting their unlawful activities.Calculated use of violence is applied against civilian, non-combatant targets.Acquiring, manipulating, and employing power is at the root of terrorism. diversityary terrorism attempts to completely change the political system within a state sub-revolutionary terrorism attempts to effect change without totally replacing the existing political system.Terrorism consists of carefully planned goals, means, targets, and access conducted in a clandestine mien.The goals of terrorism focus on on political, social, ideological, or religious ends. This distinguishes terrorism from other criminal activity.Terrorism is conducted occasio nally by individuals, but most often by sub-national groups.An important fair game of terrorism is to obtain maximum publicity.Increasingly, terrorist zones of action are extending beyond national borders, becoming transnational in effect.The vast number of definitions proposed for the term terrorism big businessman make one wonder if there could ever be agreement near a common definition. For without a common understanding about what terrorism is, how can it be challenged and ultimately removed as a threat to modern civilisation? Despite the many definitions for terrorism, there does seem to be an acclivitous consensus on the definition of the term, according to Jenkins.25 For instance, Enders and Sandler offer the following comprehensive definition of terrorismTerrorism is the premeditated use or threat of use of extranormal violence or brutality by subnational groups to obtain a political, religious, or ideological objective through intimidation of a huge audience, usually no t at one time involved with the policy making that terrorists seek to influence.26Enders and Sandlers definition will be used for the purpose of this essay not only because it is an example of a current consensus description, but also because it contains criteria suggested by other definitions surveyed in the literature review violence or threats of violence intimidation of large civilian audiences longing to influence subnational terrorist groupings and political, religious, or ideological objectives.Historical Roots of TerrorismColin Gray writes that terrorism is as old as strategic history.27 The roots of terrorism can be traced back in time to ancient Greece, and terrorist acts have occurred throughout history since that time. The term terrorism, however, originated in the cut Revolutions direct of Terror 28 and was popularised at that time.29 Terrorism in this era carried a very positive connotation as it was undertaken in an effort to establish order during the revolutio n that followed uprisings in France in 1789. It was considered to be an instrument of governance instituted to intimidate counter-revolutionaries, dissidents and subversives and was associated with the ideals of democracy and virtue. In fact, according to Hoffman, the revolutionary leader Maximillien Robespierre claimed that virtue, without which terror is evil terror, without which virtue is lost and that terror is nothing but justice, prompt, severe and inflexible it is therefore an emanation of virtue.30Terrorism at the start of the twentieth century retained the revolutionary connotations it had acquired during the French Revolution as it took aim on the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires. In the 1930s, the meaning of terrorism mutated to describe activities of totalitarian governments and their leaders against their citizenry in Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, and Stalinist Russia. For instance, in Germany and Italy, gangs of brown shirts or black shirts harassed and intimidated oppone nts, although leaders of these nations denied that this occurred. After World War II, the meaning of terrorism changed once again, go to its revolutionary connotations where it remains today. Terrorist activities in the 1940s and 1950s primarily focused on revolts by indigenous patriot groups opposing colonial rule in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, resulting in independence for many countries. Although terrorism retained its revolutionary connotation in the 1960s and 1970s, the focus shifted from anti-colonialist to separatist goals. Today, terrorism involves broader, less clean-cut goals.31 The right-wing and left-wing terrorism that became widespread in recent times included acts by diverse groups such as the Italian Red Brigades the Irish Republican Army the Palestine Liberation Organisation the Shining Path in Peru the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in Sri Lanka the Weatherman in the United States various militia organisations, also in the United States radical Muslims through Hamas and Al Quaeda radical Sikhs in India and the Aum Shinrikyo in Japan.32 Some governments, such as those in Iran, Iraq, Libya, and Syria, are also considered to be involved in terrorism as sponsors of terrorist activities.33 Some people, such as the Statesn dissident Noam Chomsky, contend that the government of the United States is enmeshed in terrorism, as exemplified by the title of Chomskys 2001 article entitled U.S.A Leading Terrorist State, which appeared in the Monthly Review34.Terrorism associated with the French Revolution had two important characteristics in common with terrorism today. Firstly, terrorism was, and is today, organised, deliberate, and systematic. Secondly, the goals of terrorism then and now were and are to create a new, better society.35 But, terrorism today has changed in some very fundamental ways (1) terrorist organisations have evolved into network forms and are less often organised in hierarchies (2) the identities of transnational terrori st organisations are harder to spot because they claim responsibility for specific acts less often (3) todays terrorist groups do not make demands as often as in the quondam(prenominal) and their goals appear to be much hazy and vague (4) motives have generally shifted from those that are more politically-oriented to those that are more religiously-oriented (5) targets of terrorists are more dispersed around the globe and (6) terrorist violence, today, is more indiscriminate, involving significant collateral damage to the public.36With this historical foundation, particularly the description of the evolution of terrorism into its current form, the focus now shifts to possible solutions to dealing with the issue today.Possible Solutions to TerrorismTo effectively meet the challenges of terrorism, one should consider the history of terrorism, but must also look to the future. Kress and colleagues contend that terrorism is increase in geographical scope, numerical frequency, and in tensity as well as in ingenuity and subtlety. They suggest that these trends could well translate into more wide-ranging threats and more powerful tools and weapons, adding that bombs will get smaller and more powerful, poisons and mind-blowing drugs more insidious, psychological techniques for converting or brainwashing the victims more effective, and psychological tortures more agonizing.37Ian lesser offers a comprehensive approach for meeting the challenges of terrorism. His approach consists of a core strategy and supporting strategies aimed at targeting security threats posed by terrorists within a context of global security threats from all sources. lessers core strategy consists of four components (1) reducing systemic causes of terrorism, (2) deterring terrorists and their sponsors, (3) reducing risks associated with superterrorism, and (4) retaliating in instances where determent fails. In reducing system causes of terrorism, Lesser is referring to the long-term goal of ad dressing issues that give rise to terrorism such as social and economic problems, unresolved ethnic and nationalist conflicts, frustrated political ambitions, and personal experiences of individuals who may become future terrorists. In deterring terrorists and their sponsors, Lesser suggests taking massive and personal actions against terrorist leadership, although he concedes that this is becoming more and more difficult as terrorists and their sponsors become more diverse and diffuse. In reducing risks associated with superterrorism, Lesser calls for eliminating weapons of mass destruction that terrorists could use in inflicting destruction and suffering. And, finally, in retaliating when deterrence fails, Lesser suggests developing the means to retaliate quickly and specifically to terrorist activities.38One of Lessers strategies supporting his core strategy is environmental shaping, which involves exposing sponsors of terrorism to global scrutiny and isolation shrinking the zone s of chaos and terrorist sanctuary including counterterrorism as an integral component of strategic alliances limiting global exposure and targeting terrorist networks and funding. His hedging strategy involves hardening key policies and strategies to limit risks of terrorism, increasing ground and space-based surveillance of terrorist resources, and preparing to mitigate the effects of terrorism to limit negative effects.39Kress and associates reiterate the first component of Lessers core strategy in offering their proactive approach to dealing with terrorism specifically, addressing genuine political injustice and resolving supposed injustices.40 crackpot contends that a state response to terrorism must be limited, well-defined and controlled to avoid compromising the political and civil traditions that are central to the liberal classless way of life. He suggests that any liberal democratic response to terrorism has to rest on one overriding maxim a committedness to uphold and maintain constitutional principles of law and order.41ConclusionThe long history of terrorism, dating as far back as ancient Greece, suggests that this phenomenon may never be eliminated as a tactic by those people or groups without sufficient formal legal power to achieve their goals. However, this does not have in mind that terrorism cannot be engaged proactively and reactively. Logically, it seems that the first step should be to agree on a universally-accepted definition for terrorism because, without a consensus on the meaning of the term, effectively addressing its causes and its effects may be difficult at best and impossible at worst.With a consensus definition in hand, the comprehensive strategy for dealing with terrorism proposed by Lesser reduction in systemic causes, deterrence, superterrorism risk reduction, and retaliation would appear to offer the most balanced, effective approach. Todays leaders should date that offensive and defensive military action, so typica l of traditional warfare, is quite ineffective as a sole method for dealing with modern forms of terrorism as demonstrated by failures experienced by Israel in dealing with the Palestinian terrorist problem and the greater-than-expected difficulties experienced by the United States, the United Kingdom, and others in ridding the world of radical Islamic terrorists. These efforts may not only fail to ultimately deal effectively with preventing terrorist activities, but may also produce more terrorists who are offended by military actions. Alternatively, a holistic approach one which includes proactive prevention and reactive punishment measures such as the approach advocated by Lesser should be employed.In any solution to the global problem of terrorism, the cautionary advice offered by Peter Chalk should be considered that is, political and civil liberties should not be sacrificed in responding to the terrorist threat. For the very way of life the governments of free societies are trying to protect in their attempts to combat terrorism could be compromised by actions that are not limited, well-defined and controlled. Interestingly, this thought was eloquently proffered more than two centuries ago by American inventor, journalist, printer, and statesman Benjamin Franklin in warning that those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety, deserve neither liberty nor safety.The recommendation, then, is to deal with terrorism in a holistic, balanced manner stressing proactive and reactive measures whilst preserving political and civil liberties.ReferencesBassiouni, M. Terrorism, Law Enforcement and the Mass Media Perspectives, Problems, Proposals, The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 721 (1981). Cited in Thackrah (2004).Bergesen, Albert J., and Han, Yi. New Directions for Terrorism investigate. global Journal of Comparative Sociology 461-2 (2005).Bite, V. International Terrorism. Foreign Affairs Division, Library of Congress, Appendix of U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Washington, DC Government make Office, 1975. Cited in Thackrah (2004).Chalk, Peter. The response to Terrorism as a Threat to Liberal Democracy. The Australian Journal of Politics and History 443 (1998).Chomsky, N. U.S. A Leading Terrorist State. Monthly Review 53 (2001) 10-19. Cited in Bergesen and Han (2005).Enders, W., and Sandler, T. Patterns of Transnational Terrorism, 1970 1999 Alternative Time-Series Estimates. International Studies Quarterly 46 (2002) 145-65. Cited in Bergesen and Han (2005).Fromkin, David. The dodge of Terrorism. In Contemporary Terrorism Selected Readings, John D. Elliot and Leslie K. Gibson, eds. Gaithersburg, Maryland International knowledge of Chiefs of Police, 1978.Gray, Colin S. Modern Strategy. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1999.Heyman, P. B. Terrorism and America A Commonsense Strategy for a Democratic Society. Cambridge, mammy The MIT Press, 1998. Cited in Thackrah (2004).Hoffman, Bruce. at bottom Terrorism. New York capital of South Carolina University Press, 1998.Jenkins, B. M. Terrorism and Beyond A 21st Century Perspective. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 24 (2001) 321-27. Cited in Bergesen and Han. New Directions for Terrorism Research. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 461-2 (2005).Kress, Bruce, Livingston, Marius H., and Wanek, Marie G. International Terrorism in the Contemporary World. Westport, Connecticut Greenwood Press, 1978.Lesser, Ian. Countering the New Terrorism Implications for Strategy. In Countering the New Terrorism, Hoffman et al., eds. Santa Monica, California Rand, 1999.Mallin, Jay. Terrorism as a Military Weapon. In Contemporary Terrorism Selected Readings, John D. Elliot and Leslie K. Gibson, eds. Gaithersburg, Maryland International Association of Chiefs of Police, 1978. Cited in Oots (1986).Oots, Kent Layne. Political Organization Approach to Transnational Terrorism. New York Greenwood Press, 1986.Ruby, C. L. The De finition of Terrorism. Analyses of Social Issues and Public constitution 2(1) (2002) 9-14. Cited in Bergesen and Han (2005).Terrorism Research Center, What is the Definition of Terrorism? (n.d.) Available from http//www.terrorism.com. Accessed 29 November 2005.Thackrah, John Richard. Dictionary of Terrorism. New York Routledge, 2004.The Columbia Encyclopaedia. Terrorism (2004).Townshend, Charles. Terrorism A Very Short Introduction. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2002.Waciorsky, J. La Terrorisme Politique. Paris A Pedone, 1939. Cited in Thackrah (2004).Whittaker, David J. Terrorists and Terrorism in the Contemporary World. New York Routledge, 2004.Wilkinson, P. Terrorism versus Democracy The Liberal State answer. London Frank Cass, 2000. Cited in Thackrah (2004).Wilkinson, P. Three Questions on Terrorism, Government and Opposition 83 (1973). Cited in Thackrah (2004).1Footnotes1 Charles Townshend, Terrorism A Very Short Introduction (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2002).2 John Ri chard Thackrah, Dictionary of Terrorism (New York Routledge, 2004).3 Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York Columbia University Press, 1998), 14.4 Kent Layne Oots, Political Organization Approach to Transnational Terrorism (New York Greenwood Press, 1986).5 Terrorism Research Center, What is the Definition of Terrorism? (n.d.), Available from http//www.terrorism.com, Accessed 29 November 2005.6 Townshend (2002).7 Hoffman (1998).8 Hoffman (1998).9 Terrorism Research Center (n.d.).10 David J. Whittaker, Terrorists and Terrorism in the Contemporary World (New York Routledge, 2004).11 Townshend (2002).12 Thackrah (2004).13 David Fromkin, The Strategy of Terrorism, in Contemporary Terrorism Selected Readings, John D. Elliot and Leslie K. Gibson, eds. (Gaithersburg, Maryland International Association of Chiefs of Police, 1978), cited in Oots (1986).14 V. Bite, International Terrorism, Foreign Affairs Division, Library of Congress, Appendix of U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Judi ciary (Washington, DC Government Printing Office, 1975), cited in Thackrah (2004).15 P. B. Heyman, Terrorism and America A Commonsense Strategy for a Democratic Society (Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press, 1998), cited in Thackrah (2004).16 M. Bassiouni, Terrorism, Law Enforcement and the Mass Media Perspectives, Problems, Proposals, The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 721 (1981), cited in Thackrah (2004).17 P. Wilkinson, Three Questions on Terrorism, Government and Opposition 83 (1973), cited in Thackrah (2004).18 Jay Mallin, Terrorism as a Military Weapon, in Contemporary Terrorism Selected Readings, John D. Elliot and Leslie K. Gibson, eds. (Gaithersburg, Maryland International Association of Chiefs of Police, 1978), cited in Oots (1986).19 J. Waciorsky, La Terrorisme Politique, (Paris A Pedone, 1939), cited in Thackrah (2004).20 P. Wilkinson, Terrorism versus Democracy The Liberal State Response (London Frank Cass, 2000), cited in Thackrah (2004).21 The Columbia Ency clopaedia, Terrorism (2004).22 N. Chomsky, U.S.A Leading Terrorist State, Monthly Review 53 (2001) 10-19, cited in Bergesen and Han (2005).23 C. L. Ruby, The Definition of Terrorism, Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 2(1) (2002) 9-14, cited in Bergesen and Han (2005).24 Whittaker (2004).25 B. M. Jenkins, Terrorism and Beyond A 21st Century Perspective, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 24 (2001) 321-27, cited in Bergesen and Han, New Directions for Terrorism Research, International Journal of Comparative Sociology 461-2 (2005).26 W. Enders and T. Sandler, Patterns of Transnational Terrorism, 1970 1999 Alternative Time-Series Estimates, International Studies Quarterly 46 (2002) 145-65, cited in Bergesen and Han (2005).27 Colin S. Gray, Modern Strategy (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1999).28 The Columbia Encyclopaedia (2004).29 Hoffman (1998).30 Hoffman (1998).31 Hoffman (1998).32 The Columbia Encyclopaedia (2004).33 Hoffman (1998).34 N. Chomsky, U.S.A Leading Terrorist S tate, Monthly Review 53 (2001), cited in Bergesen and Han (2005).35 Hoffman (1998).36 Albert J. Bergesen and Yi Han, New Directions for Terrorism Research, International Journal of Comparative Sociology 461-2 (2005).37 Bruce Kress, Marius H. Livingston, and Marie G. Wanek, International Terrorism in the Contemporary World (Westport, Connecticut Greenwood Press, 1978).38 Ian Lesser, Countering the New Terrorism Implications for Strategy, in Hoffman et al., Countering the New Terrorism (Santa Monica, California Rand, 1999).39 Lesser (1999).40 Kress, Livingston, and Wanek (1978).41 Peter Chalk, The Response to Terrorism as a Threat to Liberal Democracy, The Australian Journal of Politics and History 443 (1998).

The Poem, Woman, by Nikki Giovanni Essay -- Poetry Analysis

The poem Woman, written by Nikki Giovanni, uses several metaphors to describe the journey of a adult female and what she feels the man should do but will not do. She describes in many different ways how she wants support from the man, but he is unwilling to give it. In the first stanza, she starts the poem with the char being a simple, insignificant thing. She wanted to be a blade of fume amid the fields (lines 1-2). Grass grows under your feet. Blades of grass are plentiful and ordinary. She just wanted to be just like every other woman. But he wouldnt agree to be her blowball (line 3-4). A dandelion is a deeply rooted weed. If it is pulled up by the roots, one has to get every single root up or the dandelion will grow back. This signifies that the woman wanted the man to be the solace in her life. In the second stanza, the woman in the poem is now referring to herself as a robin. She wanted to be a robin singing through the leaves (lines 5-6). Robins mostly stay in their own cl imate during the winter, and feed off of the berries in the tree. When spring is coming the robin starts to sing. But he refused to be her tree (lines 7-8). She wanted the support when she needed, but she also wanted the freedom to fly away(predicate) when she needed to. The tree signifies structure and stability. She needed that stability, but he did not want to give it. In the third stanza, the woman has progressed into a spider. She spun herself into a clear and looking for a place to rest turned to him but he stood straight declining to be her corner (lines 10-14). Spiders are normally very independent by nature. However a spiders most desired place for a web would be a corner. A corner allows the spider a safe haven and many exit routs to esc... ...endent, aggressive, and predatory. Then she tried to be a book, a great resource. In her final attempt to get a response from him, she turned herself into a bulb, his vital life source. However she was a woman the whole time. The author could have been using metaphors to show what she thought were the characteristics of custody and women. The poem more likely shows the progression of women over time to find their place in society and the mans struggle to deal with it. The woman in the poem was desperately trying to find her place of significance. She learned in the end, that being who she was in other peoples eyes was less(prenominal) important than being who she was in her own eyes. Work Cited Giovanni, Nikki. Woman. Literature An Introduction to Reading and Writing.7th ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall, 2004. 1098.